The work of Langer & Rodin

To explore the effects of decision-making and responsibility on residents in a nursing home, Langer and Rodin gave residents a houseplant. Residents were to make all the decisions about when and how much to water and how much sun to give their plant. Resident in the experimental group were also given other choices such as where they would prefer to receive visitors, whether they wanted see the weekly movie and which evening they wanted to attend (a movie was played on Thursdays and replayed on Fridays), etc. A comparison (control) group were also given plants but told that the nurses would take care of them. Those in this group were not encouraged to make decisions for themselves but were told that staff was there to help them. Issues were as similar as possible with the experimental and comparison groups except for the distinctions about who was in control and responsible for decisions. The researchers used various behavioural and emotional measures to judge the effect of the encouragement, for example, participation in activities at the nursing home, how happy the residents felt and how alert and active the residents were. Clear and dramatic improvement was made in the group given more responsibility. Eighteen months after the study the researchers returned and again performed the outcome measures. The residents who had been given more responsibility were still significantly more active, vigorous and sociable than those in the comparison group. The experimental group also asked more questions during a lecture that Judith Rodin gave. During this return trip physical health was measured. Prior to the study the two groups had been in similar health based on their medical records. However, eighteen months later the health of the experimental group had improved while that of the comparison group had worsened. The most striking discovery was mortality rate. Only seven of the 47 residents in the experimental group had died whereas 13 of the 44 residents in the comparison group had died (15% versus 30%). These results have been confirmed by much research since the time of the original experiment. To improve this experiment they could have looked for other areas where choice can be given back to residents such as dining, bathing, and placement of personal items in their room. Record the outcomes. Watch to see if over time there are changes in activity participation, alertness and affect of residents. As this experiment proceeds it would be good for staff to discuss amongst themselves how to change their own perspective to maximize residents' sense of independence, freedom and involvement. The relation between health and a sense of control may grow stronger in old age. This could occur through three types of processes: experiences particularly relevant to control may increase markedly in old age; the association between control and some aspect of health may be altered by age; and age may influence the association between control and health-related behaviours or the seeking of medical care. Studies show that there are detrimental effects on the health of older people when their control of their activities is restricted; in contrast, interventions that enhance options for control by nursing home patients promote health. With increasing age, however, variability in preferred amounts of control also increases, and sometimes greater control over activities, circumstances, or health has negative consequences including stress, worry, and self-blame. Mechanisms mediating the control-health relation include feelings of stress, symptom labelling, changes in the neuroendocrine an d immune systems, and behaviour relevant to health maintenance. * Work which very clearly supports Langer & Rodin is that of Marmot et al (1997) and the study of civil service office workers: – Marmot et al (1997) Marmot and his co-workers devised an experiment to determine the association between adverse psychosocial characteristics at work and risk of coronary heart disease among male and female civil servants. There were self-report questionnaires provided for information on psychosocial factors of the work environment and coronary heart disease. Independent assessments of the work environment were obtained from personnel managers. Setting: London based office staff in 20 civil service departments. Subjects: 10308 civil servants aged 35-55 were examined-6895 men (67%) and 3413 women (33%). Results: Men and women with low job control, either self reported or independently assessed, have a higher risk of newly reported coronary heart disease during the follow up. Job control was assessed on two occasions three years apart, although intercorrelated, had cumulative effects in newly reported disease. Subjects with low job control on both occasions have an odds ratio for any coronary event of 95% compared with subjects with high job control at both occasions. This association could not be explained by employment grade, negative affectivity, or classic coronary risk factors. Job demands and social support at work were not related to the risk of coronary heart disease. Conclusion: Low control in the work environment is associated with an increased risk of future coronary heart disease among men and women employed in government offices. The cumulative effect of low job control assessed on two occasions indicates that giving employees more variety in tasks and a stronger say in decisions about work may decrease the risk of coronary heart disease. * Whereas the work done by Brady (1958) in the ‘Executive Monkey' experiment completely goes against Langer, Rodin and Marmot: – Brady tested groups of monkeys to determine which were the quickest learners; they would then be chosen to take the place of the ‘Executive Monkey'. The executive monkey is then sat in a harness with its feet touching the floor allowing almost complete mobility, the non-executive monkey is sat in the other harness so that it cannot touch the floor, both harnesses are connected to a bar that in turn is attached to a pivot. A bell would sound and the exec. Monkey would have 20 seconds to get to a switch, if he did not manage to get to the switch in time, both monkeys would be given an electric shock. Brady discovered that the best way to conduct this experiment was to put the monkeys 6 hours in then 6 hours off, this was found to be the best way to stress them. Around 23 days into the experiment the executive monkey would die from stomach ulcers, due to the stress. > We could argue that the monkey had the control over whether they got shocked or not and yet it still got stressed and died, which would then completely dis-prove Langer & Rodin. > But you could also argue that the exec. monkey got stressed from having to get to the switch and its also possible to say that the executive monkey didn't have complete control, i.e. they couldn't turn the electric shocks off completely, and so got stressed from having to continuously press the switch. * Weiss (1972) repeated Brady et al's experiment but with rats this time: – He found that giving feedback on successful shock avoidance (by sounding a tone) reduced ulceration in executives to below that of the non-executive rats. The feedback tells the animal it has avoided shocks and increases its ‘sense of control' over the situation. The non-executive animal cannot respond and lacks any control at all over what's going on, this leads to more ulceration. ==> By comparing Brady and Weiss' experiments it's very clear to see that the idea of a ‘sense of control' separates the two. Not as many animals will die in Weiss' as in Brady's, the rats don't feel as stressed as the monkeys because they feel more ‘in control'. These studies also show the importance of control and feedback on successful coping in reducing levels of stress.

CIS Review Questions

Describe the functional organizational structure. Why do you think this structure Is so widely used? The organizational structure Is composed of different departments that help operate the business, such as, purchasing, operations, warehouse, sales and marketing, accounting, research and development, finance and accounting, human resource, and information technology. I look at Direct Relief International when they need supplies they use the SAP website to track everything they need. Most of their material is available for anyone to see what they need, where it's going to, and the amount of supplies on hand.Most retail companies use the same process when ordering, or for payroll, they might have a different name for it. To me working in the retail business I think it helps the company out by seeing what the customers are wanting, they can tell if a particular item is not selling base off the cost and other factors. For example Skullcap's CEO (Rick Alden) said he doesn't need an IT dep artment and for their Accounting they utilize what SAP has put In place. 2. What Is the silo effect? Why does It exist? What problems does It create?How can an organization reduce or eliminate the silo effect? The silo effect is when one person completes a specific part of their work and sends it off to someone else who does their particular part. I think the silo effect exists because it coordinates functions and Job duties in deferent functional areas. Most companies using the silo effect tend to lose lots of money and can affect customers If the communication process In not there. For example the Classically company takes employees out to clear their mind and create Ideas.Most companies have people who are stuck In their ways and believe the world Is never changing. I would love to e companies use the functional organizational structure such as every each department has to know what is going on from the lower level to the higher level of staff. Everyone in the department should b e on the same task so that if someone in your department passes alone his or her work to you, if any mistakes are made someone can catch it and send it back to that person, or have the option to correct the error. . What is a business process? Why is adopting a process view of organizations essential to becoming a successful manager? A business process consists of different level of tasks that have to be completed In order for you to receive an outcome, which could be your order. I figured each functional area going through a unique process in order for that order to get the best pharmacist order supplies from Direct Relief International it's a business process that each item goes through in order to have the best outcome.Step one might be the doctor ordering the material, the second step is locating the material in the warehouse, the third level is placing the items where it's going, and the final would be the shipping status of the products. Briefly describe the key business proce sses included in this chapter in terms of . Their key steps. The key process are processes that have an impact on the success of an organization, processes deliver results that are directed towards measurable business goals, and making sure that the organization remains competitive like Global Bike Inc.The procurement process is where the items are being planned you can order your products online or by calling and then making sure that the accounting or finance department has no issues. The production process is simply like the companies stated earlier sometimes they make the products or go and locate the product in the arouses where the items are located to be shipped. The final process is making sure that the customer has a tracking number and making sure that the order has been fulfilled.The lifestyle data management process is when Global Bike Inc. Creates a particular design for a customer and hopefully discontinues it unless someone else has the same idea. The material plannin g process is when statistic data plays a role in the organization finding out what people are looking for an interested in. The inventory process is where the material is stored and ready for shipping. Explain the interrelationships among the key processes included in this 5. Chapter. Why are these interrelationships important?The procurement when Direct Relief International has orders being placed they will go to they will scan and locate the product location. Next they will get a purchase order to accounting so that accounting will send invoices once payment is received. The next step is to the production stage goes to the warehouse and back to the production. Finally, the order is in the fulfillment stage where sales create the order and the warehouse ships the order, and then accounting receives payment from the customer.

A Critique of A Good Man is Hard to Find good hard

A Critique of A Good Man is Hard to Find good hard Essay A Critiqueof A Good Man is Hard to Find She reached out and touched him on the shoulder. The Misfit sprang back as if a snake had bitten him and shot her three times through the chest. Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find is the story of a familys vacation tragically ended by a murderer and his gang. After a meddlesome Mother/Mother-In-Law/Grandmother tries to insist that the family go to Tennessee instead of Florida, it was in fact through her own insistence that prompted the family stray from the main path in search of some false, lost treasure. This deadly decision caused the family to fall prey to the Misfit. Foreshadowing at the beginning of the story hints to the reader that while on their trip to Florida, this family is destined to cross paths with the Misfit. For example, Here this fellow that calls himself The Misfit is aloose from the Federal Pen and headed toward Florida and you read here what it says he did to these people. Just you read it. Through OConnors use of characterization, symbolism and the theme that A Good Man is Hard to Find, OConnors point that societys morals and faith has crumbled is conveyed. OConnors use of characterization shows the breaking down of respect and discipline in American society. From past generations to present generations, this message can be understood. Grandma represents the past with her strong Southern Hospitality heritage. For instance, The old lady settled herself comfortably, removing her white cotton gloves and putting them up with her purse on the shelf in front of the back window. Her collar and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once that she was a lady. Later on she even states, In my timechildren were more respectful of their native states and their parents and everything else. People did right then. The grandchildren, however, are a product of where this gap between social courtesy and lack of discipline apply. In the beginning of the story June Star rudely comments to her grandmother, She wouldnt stay home for a million bucks, afraid shed miss something. She has to go everywhere we go. When John Wesley was asked by the grandmother what he would do if confronted by the Misfit his reply was, Id smack his face. In the end we found this to be very untrue. The Misfits character is again the result of the breakdown in humanity, family values and all of the values that have been lost in todays culture. The Misfit may have some social graces because he says politely, Yes mam, No mam, I pre-chate that lady, and apologizes to the grandmother for Baileys harsh comment, but there is some uneasiness about the morals his own father had as a role model. There is an undertone that the Misfits father had a darker side and had some run-ins with the Authorities. The Misfit explained to the grandmother, Daddy was a card himself. You could never put anything over on him. He never got in trouble with the Authorities though. Just had the knack of handling them. OConnors symbolism throughout the story represents faith (or lack of), and death. The fact that the family had strayed from the main path onto an unimportant side road, where they were killed, symbolizes how people often stray from Jesus and follow the wrong path spiritually. Even the towns name Toombsboro is a symbol of death. It was in this town that the grandmother thought the old plantation was. This was where she became sidetracked, again like her faith in Jesus. In the car, John Wesley and June Star were playing a game by guessing the shape of the clouds in the sky. READ: The New Age After the 1500s Essay The clouds represent the grandmothers superficial faith. She dressed herself with the purple spray of flowers just in case she died. It was as if she were taking death lightly. It was when .

Hallow International School Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hallow International School - Assignment Example This diversity is well represented in the Hallow Group of Schools where a tableau of educational experiences, inclusive of intensive sports, music drama and others that are invaluable to a child’s holistic growth is offered.   In addition, I take cognizance of the fact that Hong Kong is a highly cosmopolitan country where people from numerous global cultures interact in the course of business and work. The cultural diversity that the school allows due to the multicultural student and staff population is, therefore, a major incentive. I would like my son to appreciate the experience of living and interacting with people from other cultures so that he can effectively function both professionally and socially without being limited by social-cultural boarders. Finally, the school’s reputation precedes it; everyone I talked to and who have had a child in any of the institutions under Hallow International Schools was very positive about it and they assured me that having my son admitted there would be the best thing I could do for him academically and socially. Given the strength of these compliments and what I have found out for myself, I feel that it is my responsibility as a parent to give my son the best foundation possible and Hallows easily fits and exceeds the bill.

W3 Asig Selection Criteria and Data Warehouses Essay

W3 Asig Selection Criteria and Data Warehouses - Essay Example When there is a need to add, modify, delete or display data, the application system simply makes a "call" to the RDBMS† (RDBMS Functionality, n.d., p. 1). As the administrator of a data warehouse for a hotel chain with leading presence in 10 western states in the United States, the criteria to be used to select the RDBMS for the head organization’s data warehouse are as follows: load balancing, parallel processing options, query governor, query optimizer, query management, load utility, metadata management, scalability, extensibility, portability, Query tool Application Program Interfaces (APIs), and administration (Ponniah, 2010). The tools for the data warehouse are aptly illustrated in the figure below: These criteria are relevant in terms of ensuring that all pertinent information could be accessible and available to authorized users and stakeholders at actual time frames. For instance, higher management would require pertinent data particular to the actual number of customers of the hotel over the 10 different states as of a particular date, then, the RDBMS would enable integration of inputs from local sites to be generated as a comprehensive data at the head office. Another example would be determining the total number of hotel rooms that could accommodate a corporate outing or seminar at an identified state and date. As such, the RDBMS could locate which among the 10 hotels could provide the needs of the clientele, as requested. Likewise, Ponniah (2010) also revealed that it is relevant to select the server hardware. In addition, the paralleling options were emphasized to be designed according to the need to perform interquery and intraquery parallelization (Ponniah, 2010). In addition, software tools that are to be installed in the data warehouse must be compatible and consistent among the hotels within the 10 states to enable decision makers to view and use needed information in the most accurate manner. Finally, one should be able to select

Electoral College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Electoral College - Essay Example This system of giving a voice to the smaller states was a system designed by the Founding Fathers at the beginning of America’s history, when only a few states stood in existence (Hardaway 76). Just like many decisions of the federal government today, the Electoral College system was built from a compromise that gave greater strength to the union. The attempt to disassemble the Electoral College system undermines the ability of the country to provide effective leadership to elected officials, which in turn would make the country weaker in the end. Although the United States is commonly described as a democracy, it is in fact not a pure popular democracy like Ancient Greece, in which each citizen was invited to make decisions in the legislature (Diamond 7). Rather, the Constitution of the United States strictly limits power between individual citizens and the federal government. The Electoral College is one such limitation placed on the power of the people, and it must be under stood properly within this historical (or Constitutional) context. Namely, while the United States is a democracy, the interests of the people are upheld by the representatives that take on that power. The electoral vote shares this power between the people and the government in a way that incorporates the interests of states, the people, and the federal government. With respect to the states, the Electoral College provides protection to the interests of smaller states, just as the Founding Fathers originally intended. At that time, the critical issue on everyone’s mind could not be avoided—namely, how the small and large states would share power in both the legislative and executive branches† (Hardaway 76). That is because the current system provides for the protection of all states’ rights. Remembering that the United States is a federation of states, and not one single state, each state is deserving of its own individual say in the election of the presi dent to preside over that union. A popular vote undermines the concept of a federal system of states, causing candidates to focus only on the most populous, urban areas of the country. â€Å"Elections are as freely and democratically contested as elections can be—but in the states†¦ Democracy thus is not the question regarding the electoral college; federalism is† (Gregg 7). There also appears to be a practical problem with changing the electoral vote system to a system of popular vote, which is its primary competitor. Fears surrounding the Electoral College deal with the possibility that the popular vote does not match the electoral vote. However, this is a nonexistent problem, considering â€Å"the fact that the electoral and popular vote winners have been the same in every presidential election conducted in the past 100 years† (Hardaway 11). In fact, because inconsistency between the two methods of measuring vote legitimacy is so rare in history, it seem s practically irrelevant to implement the changes need to switch to a popular vote. Changing the electoral system would require an Amendment to the Constitution, which also poses a practical problem for Congressmen. Members of the House and Senate from large states, like California and Texas, will be unlikely to surrender their power over smaller states in return for a system that

Travel speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Travel speech - Essay Example Florida seemed like the natural solution. Who hasn’t heard of the famous resorts such as Disney World, Epcot Center and MGM Studios that are centered near Orlando? Miami is also a world-class city with beautiful architecture and a great nightlife, or so I had been told. Besides all of these attractions there was the legendary Florida sunshine and beaches. We decided we wanted our change of scenery to be a trip to Florida, specifically the Orlando and Miami areas. We flew directly from Denver to Orlando. We were so excited to get out of Denver the flight seemed only to take an hour instead of the four it really took. After arriving, we rented a car at the airport and were on our way. Renting a car proved to be a bit of an adventure. We were under 21 so that lead to some extra paperwork and several suspicious looks from the person working the desk, but our charm (and good driving records) paid off in the end. I recommend renting a car when you travel anywhere. There is something very exciting about driving around in a city you have never been to in a car you have never driven before. We headed straight for our hotel and then on to the resorts. We wanted to see as much as we could because we were only staying nine days for the whole trip. We bought passes to the Disney World complex that gave us a lot of freedom. We could go wherever we wanted with just one pass. We had a great time doing the typical tourist stuff. The rides at the different parks were fun. I am now a devoted fan of roller coasters! But after two or three days, everything started to look the same. That’s when I began to notice how some of the people acted towards one another in the amusement parks. I started to notice how parents interacted with their children that were misbehaving. Some were yelling and impatient. Some were attentive and tried to keep their tired children happy. Other ignored them while they talked on their cell

United States Military Foreign Policy Assignment

United States Military Foreign Policy - Assignment Example Aside from militaristic efforts, the federal government also sought to increase its own power and ability to utilize all of their resources in order to win the war on terror. The President’s power was Constitutionally expanded in a time of war, so 9/11 permitted the government to implement these wartime powers, including the increase of domestic and international surveillance (known by the Bush administration as the â€Å"dark side†) and the â€Å"secret document† signed by President George W. Bush (unbeknownst to many in the administration) instituting military tribunals to hold and try known terrorists, as opposed to civilian courts guaranteed by the Constitution. The events of 9/11 enabled the federal government and U.S. military to expand their interests and presence in regions which previously seemed impossible. In order to convince the recently-patriotic American people that U.S. military intervention was necessary, they focused on the oppressive governments of the nation’s enemies. They put forth the ideals and values evident in the American Constitution articulated over two hundred years ago, in which every nation must hold democratic elections and a certain set of basic rights should be guaranteed to all citizens despite race, creed or economic standing. The fascist regime of Saddam Hussein fit perfectly into the mold of murdering oppressors who must be ousted from power to help people incapable of helping themselves.  

LP6- Juvenile Justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LP6- Juvenile Justice - Assignment Example However, some adverse effects may vary depending on the quantity consumed, the rate of body metabolism, and individual mood. Some of the most commonly abused drugs include marijuana, cocaine, heroin and alcohol (Bruce and Tracey 2-6). Marijuana is dry shredded leaves ranging from brown to green mixture of flowers stem and leaves of a plant termed as cannabis sativa. This type of drug in its resinous form is called hashish. Marijuana contains a chemical component known as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), this chemical subjects the body it into euphoric state (feeling high). According to center of diseases and control (CDC), marijuana contains over 70% cancer causing substances compared to cigarettes and persistence use often lead to inflammation on the respiratory system. Several studies have also indicated that this drug causes abnormalities of the brain giving a leeway to diseases such as psychosis. In male, marijuana changes the structure of the formation of sperm cell and this may lead to infertility and it interferes with the menstrual cycle in women. The drug also causes abnormal cell division leading to premature births and is one of the leading causes of leukemia amongst newborn children. In conclusion, cannabi s increases the rate of heartbeat, interferes with the physical coordination and causes dizziness (Diane and Samantha 100). Cocaine falls amongst the addictive stimulant drugs generated from a coca plant mostly grown in South America. This drug in its processed form is known as crack. Cocaine drug is inhaled through the nostril or can be directly injected into the blood stream in form of solution. This drug increases the rate of heartbeat, nausea and enhances abnormal breathing patterns (Diane and Samantha 100). Even though cocaine is mainly associated with short term effects, its abusers often suffer from damaged nose cartilage thus leading to paranoia and abnormal breathing

African American Studies-Introduction to the Art of Africa Essay

African American Studies-Introduction to the Art of Africa - Essay Example Adult men in African wear most masks. Nevertheless, there are there is one mask that is not worn by men. The main purpose of this paper is to describe which mask is not worn by men. In addition, there will be an analysis of when the mask is worn as well as who wear the masks. Majority of masks are worn by men as they are the only people in the society who are permitted to conduct ritual activities. Most masks are worn in ceremonial dances, initiation ceremonies, during the war as a sign of being brave among other occasions. On the contrary, the Mende mask is worn exclusively by women (Foster 1). The Mende mask is worn by the Sande societies who are geographically located in the sub-Saharan Africa. To be precise, the Sande society is situated in Sierra Leone and Liberia. The Mende people are approximated to be around two million, and their primary economic activity is farming. In the Sande society, women used to perform rituals that required the appearance of the masked figure of the Mende helmet mask. Although there were many variations in carving styles and local practices due to their large population, their significance in performing the rituals was still felt by the Sande society (Schulze 1). In the Sande society, when women reached puberty, the initiation process begun. The goal of the initiation process was to teach young women some of the responsibilities of an adult Mende woman. These Mende girls are taught to be modest in behavior as well as being hardworking. During initiation ceremonies, The Mende women used to wear masks as a show of courage and determination. This was also to demonstrate to the young girls that they are entirely welcome into adulthood. The already initiated girl is then given a unique mask just for her that is carved from a section of a trunk of a tree. In most cases, the carving was made from cotton tree. Before the mask is carved, the woodcarver is let wait until he hears a scream from the girl as she undergoes

U.S Foreign Policy on Pakistan Essay Example for Free

U.S Foreign Policy on Pakistan Essay The United States’ foreign policy on Pakistan has been the subject of many reviews and the disparate and often unambiguous viewpoints articulated by Journalists and others have painted a picture of a country facing gargantuan challenges and in desperate need of a coherent U. S. policy that will help to pull it from the brink of nuclear abyss. Pakistan is one of the most populous countries in the world and shares border with Iran, Afghanistan, China and India. It is a nation of diverse culture and different ethnic groups. Pakistan was an Ally of the United States in the 1980s; the period during which the Soviets were waging war in neighboring Afghanistan. Relationship soured when the Taliban, an Islamic terrorist group, ruled Pakistan during 1996 – 2001. However, the relationship between the two countries improved after the September, 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United State and Pakistan has now become an ally in the fight against terrorists. The United States policy towards Pakistan cannot be viewed in isolation as Pakistan is seen as a vital country that can lend stability to a region fraught with war and ethnical disagreements. Pakistan has nuclear capabilities and there is a grave concern pertaining to nuclear proliferation: The hope is that terrorists will not get their hands on nuclear material from that country. Terrorists associated with the Taliban have been using parts of Pakistan as a base to launch terrorist attacks. Helene Cooper, writing in The New York Times on March 8, 2009, articulated that experts in the region feel that the United States may need to have conversations to leaders of the Taliban if it is serious about gaining peace and stability in Pakistan and surrounding countries. This is at odds with the stated policy of the Bush administration of not having dialogs with terrorists. Cooper cites a new thrust by the new Obama administration to approach elements within the Taliban. United States Policy focus and changes are closely linked to concerns to not just about the Taliban, but also concerns about Al Qaeda. Mark Mazzetti and David Rohde article in The New York times of June 30, 2008 posit the grave concerns regarding the Al Qaeda threat to Pakistan, the United States and other nations. Osama Bin Laden, the architect of the horrific attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, has been expanding his network in Pakistan and the journalists quoted intelligence sources detailing Osama’s activities. The Journalists opined that there were serious missteps on the part of Washington and Islamabad concerning Policy agreements. The journalist also said that there was a secret US plan using Special Operation forces to launch missions into Pakistan to capture and kill the leaders of Al Qaeda. Carlotta Gall’s article in the New York Times of March 11, 2009 provided further evidence of a paradigm shift in US policy towards Pakistan. Hardliners in the Taliban, such as Gulbuddin Hekmatyar is reported to have softened his stance of demanding the exodus of all US troops from Pakistan and is now more willing to attend talks. American Officials are not commenting on negotiations with the Taliban however feedback from diplomats in Kabul shows that the United States has grown more receptive to negotiations. Helene Cooper and Sheryl Stolberg insightful article in the New York Times of March 7, 2009 also posit that the new Obama administration’s shift in policy concerning Pakistan would also mean a willingness to engage moderate elements of the Taliban. The US successfully engaged militant Sunni Militias in Iraq which led to a diminution in violence in that country. The Journalist feels that the new administration wants to adopt and translate this Policy to Pakistan. The US policy towards Pakistan has evolved over time and the journalistic views have painted a picture of dynamic and ever changing dialog. Steve Myers article in The New York times dated July 29, 2008 speaks of President George Bush’s praise for Pakistan’s determination to fight extremists along its borders and the allies seem to be working together again. Work Cited Cooper, Helene and Sheryl Gay Stolberg.â€Å"Obama Ponders Outreach top Elements of Taliban. † New York Times. March 7, 2009: WK1. Cooper, Helene. â€Å"Dreaming of splitting the Taliban. † New York Times. March 8, 2009: WK1. Gall, Carlotta. â€Å" As Us Weights Taliban Negotiations, Afghans are already talking. † New York Times. March 11, 2009: A8. Myers, Steve L. â€Å"Bush Praises Pakistan Just Hours After US Strike. † New York Times. July 29, 2008 Mazzetti, Mark and David Rohde. â€Å"Amid US Policy Disputes, Qaeda grows in Pakistan. † New York Times. June 30, 2008.

Cloud Computing Essay Example for Free

Cloud Computing Essay ABSTRACT: This white paper is an introduction to the terms, characteristics, and services associated with internet-based computing, commonly referred to as cloud computing. Also introduced are the benefits and challenges associated with cloud computing, and for those seeking to use communications services in the cloud, briefly presented are different ways of determining the interfaces needed to use these communications services. Cloud computing is where software applications, processing power, data and potentially even artificial intelligence are accessed over the Internet. Many private individuals now regularly use an online email application such as Gmail, Yahoo! Mail or Hotmail. The location of physical resources and devices being accessed are typically not known to the end user. It also provides facilities for users to develop, deploy and manage their applications ‘on the cloud’, which entails virtualization of resources that maintains and manages itself. 1. What is Cloud Computing? Cloud computing provides the facility to access shared resources and common infrastructure, offering services n demand over the network to perform operations that meet changing business needs. Definitions: â€Å"Cloud computing is a general term for anything that involves delivering hosted services over the internet.† – Wikipedia â€Å"Cloud computing is Internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices on demand, like the electricity grid.†- Wikipedia Basically a cloud is a virtualization of Resources that manages and maintains itself. CCSIT, Junagadh [emailprotected] Page 1 2. Types of cloud Public Cloud: the services are delivered to the client via the Internet from a third party service provider. Example: Amazon, Yahoo, Google Example of Clouds 3. Architecture Cloud architecture,[15] the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the delivery of cloud computing, typically involves multiple cloud components communicating with each other over application programming interfaces, usually web services and 3-tier architecture. This resembles the Unix philosophy of having multiple programs each doing one thing well and working together over universal interfaces. Complexity is controlled and the resulting systems are more manageable than their monolithic counterparts. Private Cloud: these services are managed and provided within the organization. There are less restriction on network bandwidth, fewer security exposures and other legal requirements compared to the public Cloud. Example: HP Data Centers Hybrid cloud: There is some confusion over the term Hybrid when applied to the cloud a standard definition of the term Hybrid Cloud has not yet emerged. The term Hybrid Cloud has been used to mean either two separate clouds joined together (public, private, internal or external), or a combination of virtualized cloud server instances used together with real physical hardware. The most correct definition of the term Hybrid Cloud is probably the use of physical hardware and virtualized cloud server instances together to provide a single common service Architecture The two most significant components of cloud computing architecture are known as the front end and the back end. The front end is the part seen by the client, i.e. the computer user. Hybrid cloud CCSIT, Junagadh [emailprotected] Page 2 This includes the client’s network (or computer) and the applications used to access the cloud via a user interface such as a web browser. The back end of the cloud computing architecture is the ‘cloud’ itself, comprising various computers, servers and data storage devices collaboration. For more information on collaborative working using Google Docs, you can watch the now classic video Google Docs in Plain English. Taking collaboration further still, the outputs of some SaaS applications can be embedded in other web pages as web service gadgets. For example, a Google Docs or Zoho Sheet chart can be mashed into another website. There it will automatically update when the data in the online spreadsheet that is generating it is changed. SaaS applications are also constantly updated, which can free users of the upgrade hell of a major traditional software package revision. The disadvantage of SaaS is that it is basically a takeit-or-leave-it form of cloud computing. This means that businesses and individuals who require direct access to cloud computing hardware on which they can run their own applications cannot use SaaS. Rather, they need to cloud compute at the platform or infrastructure level using either platform as a service (PaaS) or infrastructure as a service (IaaS). 4. Services of Cloud Computing SaaS(Software as a Service) PaaS(Platform as a Service) IaaS(Infrastructure as a Service) Services Of Cloud computing PaaS(Platform as a Service) A platform is a software environment used to develop and run applications. For example, Microsoft Word is an application that runs on the Microsoft Windows platform. When people choose to cloud compute using platform as a service or PaaS, they obtain access to an online platform provided by a cloud computing vendor. They can then use this platform to develop and deliver their own online (SaaS) applications. Applications developed using PaaS may be used privately by just one or a few users within a particular company. However, they can also be offered free or for-a-fee to anybody on the web. This means that if you have a great idea for a new online application then you can use PaaS to turn it into a reality! Several cloud suppliers now offer PaaS tools. Most notably these include Google App Engine, Microsoft Windows Azure, and Force.com. All such offerings effectively provide their customers with a box of cloud computing Lego. New applications are then constructed from the plastic bricks on offer. With Force.com, some applications can even be built using a simple drag-and-drop interface. Relatively nontechnical people can therefore create new online applications very quickly. SaaS (Software as a Service) Software as a service is where computer applications are accessed over the Internet rather than being installed on a local computing device or in a local data centre. So, for example, people may use an online word processor like Google Docs, an online database application like Zoho Creator, an online photo editor like Pixar, or an online invoicing application such as Zoho Invoice. Many SaaS applications are free to use, at least initially. You can find links to a great many in the Cloud Computing Directory. SaaS can provide its users with many benefits. These include the general cloud computing advantages of dynamic scalability and any device independence, as well as the benefit of being able to use an application without incurring fixed costs. Many SaaS applications are also collaborative. This allows multiple users to share documents and even to work on them at the same time.  For example, in the Google Docs spreadsheet different users can work on different cells simultaneously. The cells different users are working on are locked-off and highlighted in different colours. A real-time chat window can also be opened up alongside the spreadsheet to further enhance Indeed, Force.com claim that their simplified programming model and cloud-based environment mean [customers] can build and run applications five times faster, at about half the cost of traditional software platforms. Google App Engine and Force.com also allow an initial application to be created for free! Whilst PaaS is great in many situations, its users do need to be mindful of the involved flexibility verses power trade-off. What this means is that whilst PaaS makes it relatively easy to create new online applications, users are nevertheless constrained by the particular programming languages and tools provided by their PaaS supplier. In other words, PaaS vendors have total control over which Lego bricks they allow their customers to build with. Whilst this ensures that applications built using the tools on offer will always function correctly, it is nevertheless restrictive. It is for this reason that many companies and some individuals choose to cloud compute at the infrastruct ure level. Dedicated physical servers and virtual server instances can perform exactly the same functions. However, there are some differences between them. For a start, virtual server instances are cheaper to supply as each does not require its own piece of physical hardware in a cloud data centre. On the other hand, virtual server instances are sometimes seen as less secure by those who do not want to share server hardware with other customers. For this reason, four categories of IaaS are available. These are most commonly known as private clouds, dedicated hosting, hybrid hosting and cloud hosting. 5. How cloud computing works? In traditional enterprise computing, IT departments forecast demand for applications and capacity and invest time and money to develop those resources inhouse or purchase them from others and operate them in-house. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) Infrastructure as a service or IaaS is where a cloud supplier provides online infrastructure on which their customers can store data and develop and run whatever applications they please. IaaS therefore allows companies to move their existing programs and data into the cloud and to close down their own local servers and data centres. Whilst computing applications run on platforms, platforms in turn run on computing infrastructure. So, for example, whilst the Microsoft Word application runs on the Microsoft Windows platform, in turn the Microsoft Windows platform runs on the infrastructure of an IBM-compatible PC. How it works The fundamental building block of cloud computing infrastructure is the server. Cloud computing servers are basically computers on which online applications can be run and data can be stored. When provided by an IaaS vendor, cloud servers can also be real or virtual. Real or dedicated servers are individual circuit boards – known as blades – mounted within equipment racks in a data centre. In contrast virtual servers – also known as virtual server instances – are software-controlled slices of real, physical servers. Virtual servers are created by a process called virtualization that allows many users to share the processing power of one physical server. With cloud computing, institutions procure IT services from remote providers, and campus constituents access these resources over the Internet. E-mail, for example, long considered a staple of an institution’s IT operations, can be obtained from a range of sources, and a growing number of campuses contract with outside suppliers for this function. Software is hosted by the provider and does not need to be installed—or maintained—on individual computers around campus. In some cases, a large university or a consortium might become a provider of cloud services. Storage and processing needs can also be met by the cloud. Institutions pay only for the resources used, and users can access the applications and files they need from virtually any Internet- connected computer. In a mature cloud computing environment, institutions would be able to add new IT services or respond to changes in capacity on the fly, saving capital costs that can be redirected to programs of strategic value to the institution. Advantages †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Reduced Hardware equipment for end users Improved Performance Lower Hardware and Software Maintenance Instant Software Updates Accessibility Less Expensive (Amazon example) Better Collaboration Pay for what you use Flexible 6. CHARACTERISTICS †¢ High scalability Cloud environments enable servicing of business requirements for larger audiences, through high scalability Disadvantages †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Security Issues (#1 concern) Internet connection Too many platforms Location of Servers Time for Transition Speed †¢ Agility The cloud works in the ‘distributed mode’ environment. It shares resources among users and tasks, while improving efficiency and agility (responsiveness) †¢ High availability and reliability Availability of servers is high and more reliable as the chances of infrastructure failure are minimal †¢ Multi-sharing With the cloud working in a distributed and shared mode, multiple users and applications can work more efficiently with cost Reductions by sharing common infrastructure †¢ Services in pay-per-use mode SLAs between the provider and the user must be defined when offering services in pay per use mode. This may be based on the complexity of services offered Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) may be offered to the users so they can access services on the cloud by using these APIs 7. CONCLUSION After so many years, Cloud Computing today is the beginning of â€Å"network based computing† over Internet in force. It is the technology of the decade and is the enabling element of two totally new computing models, the Client-Cloud computing and the Terminal-Cloud computing. These new models would create whole generations of applications and business. Our prediction is that it is the beginning to the end of the dominance of desktop computing such as that with the Windows. It is also the beginning of a new Internet based service economy: the Internet centric, Web based, on demand, Cloud applications and computing economy

Meaningfulness of Brand History Concept in Brand Management

Meaningfulness of Brand History Concept in Brand Management Gianluca Lucchin ID3615402 A brand has to have a history 1. INTRODUCTION Im presenting my arguments to prove that a brand actually need a history to be successful in nowadays dynamic scenario and to survive in the long term. First Im going to give basic definitions to work on, trying to define brand history by a theoretical point of view; then Im going to analyze those theories implications in order to sustain my arguments; finally Im going to use real-life cases in nowadays market to give recommendations and draw my conclusions. 2. DEFINITIONS TO START To determine whether or not a brand needs a history as an asset, is important to identify the key elements to work on. A definition of brand is a good starting point, since the word itself could be referred to many different themes and meanings. This will surely help to restrict the field of study. For Gardner and Levys (1955) A brand name is more than the label employed to differentiate among the manufacturers of a product; It is a complex symbol that represents a variety of ideas and attributes. It tells the consumers many thing, not only by the way it sounds (and the literal meaning if it has one) but, more important, via the body of associations it has built up and acquired as a public object over a period of time. Following this logic the brand could also be conceptualized as a bundle of tangible and intangible features which increase the attractiveness of a product beyond its functional value (Farquhar, 1989; Park and Srinivasan, 1994). History in this case could play a crucial role in binding tangible and intangible features by using a continuous chronological record of important events(Oxford Dictionaries) allowing a brand or a company, to recall a complex set of meanings, values and symbols connected to origins, past performances and mythologized episodes. This process of recalling the past could be beneficial for both firm perspective and consumer perspective and its connected to the concept of Brand Heritage. 3. BRAND HISTORY AND BRAND HERITAGE The word heritage is generally associated with inheritance: something transferred from one generation to another. As a concept, therefore, it works as a carrier of historical values from the past (Nuryanti, 1996). On the surface the difference between heritage and history may seem minor. However, if history   may explore and explain a past that is far away, heritage clarifies and makes that same past relevant for contemporary contexts and purposes. In the present time characterized by high dynamics, uncertainty, and massive consumer disorientation , customers tend to prefer brands with a heritage: a brand infused with a heritage stands for authenticity, credibility, and trust, and can provide leverage for a brand, especially in global markets (Aaker 1996; George 2004). The brand heritage construct can therefore be defined as (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) a dimension of a brands identity found in its track record, longevity, core values, use of symbols and particularly in an organisational belief that its history is important (Urde et al. 2007). Based on the definition of brand heritage and its distinction from related constructs, it is useful to consider five major elements that indicate whether and to what extent heritage is present or potentially found in a brand (Urde, Greyser, and Balmer 2007, p. 9). The element track record is related to the established performance that the brand or the company has been connected with, such as certain values and promises over time (Urde 1997). The second element of brand heritage, longevity, is of special importance for large multigenerational family-owned companies reflecting sustainability and consistency (Urde, Greyser, and Balmer 2007, p. 9). Core values encompass the basic values the brand is associated with. Like a promise or covenant in external communication, these values underline and help to define corporate strategy and are an integral part of the brand identity (Kapferer 2004; Lencioni 2002; Urde 1994). The use of symbols is related to logos or designs and illustrates the brands core meaning and ideas (Urde, Greyser, and Balmer 2007, p. 10). The fifth component asks whether history is important to identity. Companies have to sense their own history as being crucially important to their identity. It is absolutely essential that they know who and what they are. This understanding should also be a key part of communication, advertising, and the marketing mix (Brown, Kozinets, and Sherry 2003b). 3.1 TYPE OF HERITAGE Referring to the work of the sociologist George Herbert Mead about the impact of past on individuals understanding of reality, and following the research of Bradford T. Hudson and John M.T. Balmer (2013) its possible to distinct between four different forms of Heritage. Structural heritage The nature of the present depends on the outcome of events that occurred in the past, which cannot be altered. Structural heritage involves a succession of causation from past to present. *Brands that use structural heritage claim superiority and differentiation referring to   a pedigree connecting the current company to the moment of origination and the people instrumental in establishing the company. Practical examples of structural heritage abound within many industries and sectors. For instance, some companies refer to founding dates Implied heritage If a company is vibrant and respected in the present, then it must have existed and developed during the past in a manner that explains its current status. Heritage is expressed by displaying current attributes that imply historical antecedents, by demonstrating congruence between current attributes and historical attributes, or by describing patterns of accomplishment across time. This dimension may also be indicated by references to the age of a brand. *Claims of differentiation or superiority by the firm are validated through statements of longevity, or demonstrations of continuity between past and present. Reconstructed heritage This dimension suggests that our relationship to the past is interpretive and our understanding of prior events is enhanced through contemplation. *Claims of differentiation or superiority by the firm are validated by the familiar or reminiscent character of the brand or its associated products. A commonly cited example of reconstructed heritage is the new Volkswagen Beetle, which was introduced in 1998 with design elements reminiscent of the original Beetle that became a cultural icon during the 1960s. Mythical heritage Mythical heritage refers to pasts that are partly or wholly fictitious, and which facilitate the projection or escape of consumers into imaginary worlds that relate to the brand. Mythical heritage is often expressed through fantasy or illusion, especially within communications narratives or the design of environments and products. *Claims of differentiation or superiority by the firm are validated by the archetypal, universal or quintessential nature of brand attributes. The reason companies with heritage should use it, is to take advantage of differentiation that is valuable for the customer/consumer and other stakeholders, distinctive for the brand, and difficult to imitate for the competitors.   Heritage can provide a basis for distinctiveness in positioning, which can generate competitive advantage, e.g. translating into higher prices and margins, and retaining customers to whom heritage is meaningful. 3.2 BRAND HERITAGE AND EFFECTS ON CUSTOMER VALUE A brand with a heritage creates and confirms expectations about future behavior to stakeholder groups and makes a promise that the brand will continue to deliver on these commitments (e.g., Aaker 1996 ; George 2004 ). For this reason brand history along with brand heritage can add consumer perceived value and can minimize consumers buying risk (Muehling and Sprott 2004 ). For the conceptualization of consumer value we refer to four major types of customer perceived value: 1)  Economic value: The economic dimension of customer value addresses direct monetary aspects such as price, resale price, discount, investment etc. It refers to the value of the product expressed in dollars and cents, to what is given up or sacrificed to obtain a product (e.g., Ahtola 1984 ; Chapman 1986 ; Mazumdar 1986 ; Monroe and Krishnan 1985 ). Functional value: The functional dimension of customer value represents the core benefit and basic utilities such as e.g. the quality, the uniqueness, the usability, the reliability, and durability of a certain product (Sheth et al. 1991 ). Affective value: The affective dimension of customer value refers to the experiences, feelings, and emotions a certain brand or product provides to the consumer in addition to its functional utility (Hirschman and Holbrook 1982 ; Sheth et al. 1991 , Westbrook and Oliver 1991 ). Social value: The social dimension of customer value focuses a customers personal orientation towards a brand or product and addresses personal matters such as consumers self-concepts, self-worth or self-identity value (e.g., Vigneron and Johnson 2004 ; Hirschman and Holbrook 1982 ). Following the study and the complex empirical research of Thomas Wuestefeld et al(2012) in the article The impact of brand heritage on customer perceived value we can say that brand heritage construct (as a result of different factors like history, prestige, longevity, myth and credibility) overall affects Consumer Perceived Value (CPV), therefore could be a crucial asset to consider. 4.EXAMPLES OF BRAND USING HERITAGE AS A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE Tangible examples of a proper use of brand history and brand heritage could be seen in both luxury market and mass market. 4.1 KRAFT/CADBURYS ACQUISITION CASE STUDY A sophisticated understanding of the past is one of the most powerful tools we have for shaping the future. An actual implementation of brand history and brand heritage concepts could be seen in how Kraft Foods managed its 2010 integration of the British confectioner Cadbury. Cadburys management and its employees had somehow mounted resistance to the acquisition, fearing the loss of core values and a products quality. To help smooth the process, senior executives turned to Krafts long-established archives. Company archivists launched an intranet site, titled Coming Together, that honored the parallel paths Kraft and Cadbury had taken. Poring over historical materials, they had found much evidence of shared values, and the presentation reinforced those common themes. In addition to the founders stories, the intranet site included interactive time lines, iconic advertising images, brief documentary videos, and dozens of detailed histories of owned branded products all designed to show how leading Kraft and Cadbury brands had come to sit side by side on grocers shelves. The same narrative too k hold in other communications, from CEO speeches to press releases, and in employee training sessions. Kraft ended up integrating Cadbury more smoothly than any of its previous acquisitions. The history of the enterprise can instill a sense of identity and purpose and suggest the goals that will resonate (George Smith,Your Companys History as a Leadership Tool). 4.2 COCA-COLA is really proud of its history The Coca-Cola story is a good one, even if we do say so ourselves Coca-Cola, one of the most famous and iconic brand in the world definitely recurs to an implementation of brand heritage tools by referring to the company glorious longevity and past performances in a nostalgic fashion. An example of this commitment to history could definitely be found on Coca-Cola website with many pages dedicated to the evolution of the brand itself. A pdf for the 125 years anniversary of Coca-Cola has been released, with lot of documents and pictures of logos, packaging and successful advertising during the ages. A relevant proof of appliance of brand heritage construct in Coca-Cola marketing mix, could be found in the smart use of symbols (the iconic bottle and the famous Coca-Cola font) and the reiteration of the affective value(being on the market for such a long time it bears nostalgic potential for every adult consumer). 4.3 LOUIS VUITTON-The iconic traveling luggage Louis Vuitton is a well known apparel luxury brand. It puts great emphasys on tradition as seen in the brand website rich in contents like old pictures and all sort of informations on the origins of the company itself. The starting point, the making of the iconic Louis Vuitton traveling luggage is used as tool of reference to the glorious past of the company itself and could be read as a clear example of reconstructed heritage. And plus, the promise of value connected to the purchase of those bags implies an increase of social perceived value for consumers as a form of self-actualization and distinction. 4.4 BURBERRY-The invention of gabardine and the myth of the trench coat Burberry is another famous luxury fashion brand which use history, tradition and heritage as crucial assets in its marketing mix .Its main fashion house focuses on outerwear, fashion accessories, fragrances, sunglasses, and cosmetics. Established in 1856 by Thomas Burberry and originally focusing on the development of outdoor attire, the fashion house has moved on to the high fashion market developing pattern-based scarves, trench coats, and other fashion accessories. Its distinctive check pattern has become one of its most widely copied trademarks. The brand itself can count on the innovative invention of gabardine, a breathable and waterproof fabric   which somehow revolutionized rainwear. Burberry is most famous for its trench coat. Its coats were worn in the trenches of World War I by British soldiers, and for decades thereafter Burberry became so much a part of British culture that Queen Elizabeth II and the Prince of Wales have granted the company Royal Warrants. Thus, Burberry is the perfect example of a Heritage brand based on the implied heritage category: the respectability and the glorious status showed in the present is the result of a great and honorable past (invention of gabardine + fact that trench coats were used during world war) 5. CONCLUSION   Ã‚   If lots of nowadays most successful brands are connected to the ever-innovating technology sector (think of Google, Apple, Amazon, Facebook etc) and dont rely too much on a long or mythicized history, long-standing brands combining both heritage and longevity are still able to deliver real value attaining strong competitive positions. If we observe the 2016 Global Best Brands report by Interbrand, we can see that 10 brands in the top15 are more than 50 years old and some of them are way older than that. Even if someone could argue that the success of a brand has little to do with a brands age, we can still say that having long-term traditions and experiences in the business could help to stay relevant and competitive. The level of sophistication needed for a brand to maintain its competitive advantages is of course not to be underestimated, newness and innovation plays a strong role. But even if a brand needs to evolve constantly to stay relevant, it also needs a center of gravity, a clear vision and a commitment to stay true to the core of its DNA (Rebecca Robins 2015) In conclusion we can say that: Consumers prefer brands with a history in order to be reassured and to fight purchasing uncertainty Brand History is a key element in the implementation of Brand Heritage constructà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Brand Heritage boost the Consumer Perceived Value A connection to the past is often required by a company to be successful and coherent in the present and to grow in the future A brand (definitely) has to have a history! REFERENCES Articles and Papers Chun-Tuan Chang Minh-Hsuan Tung (2016) Intergenerational appeal in advertising: impacts of brand-gender extension and brand history, in International Journal of Advertising, 35:2, 345-361 Vanisha Narsey Cristel Antonia Russell (2014). Behind the Revealed Brand: Exploring the Brand Backstory Experience inConsumer Culture Theory. Published online: 20 Aug 2014; 297-323. Bradford T. Hudson John M.T. Balmer, (2013),Corporate heritage brands: Meads theory of the past, in Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Vol. 18 Iss 3 pp. 347 361 Thomas Wuestefeld  · Nadine Hennigs  ·Steffen Schmidt  · Klaus-Peter Wiedmann (2012) The impact of brand heritage on customer perceived value, in Der markt. International Journal of Marketing John T. Seaman Jr. and George David Smith,(2012) Your Companys History as a Leadership Tool, in Harvard Business Review, December 2012 Upendra Kumar Maurya* P. Mishra.(2012) What is a brand? A Perspective on Brand Meaning in European Journal of Business and Management. Vol 4, No.3, 2012 Klaus-Peter Wiedmann , Nadine Hennigs , Steffen Schmidt Thomas Wuestefeld (2011) Drivers and Outcomes of Brand Heritage: Consumers Perception of Heritage Brands in the Automotive Industry, in Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19:2, 205-220 Ulla Hakala Sonja Là ¤tti Birgitta Sandberg, (2011),Operationalising brand heritage and cultural heritage, in Journal of Product Brand Management, Vol. 20 Iss 6 pp. 447 456 Pozzi Daniele, The Invisible H: does History has a place in Heritage? A proposal, in https://www.Researchgate.net Urde M, Greyser SA, Balmer JMT (2007) Corporate brands with a heritage. J Brand Manage 15(1):4-19 Books Keller L.K, (2013) Strategic Brand Management. Building, Measuring and Managing Brand Equity, published by Pearson Baker M., Hart S. (2007) Product Strategy Management, Prentice hall, London Websites http://interbrand.com/views/legacy-brands-keeping-long-standing-brands-relevant-in-the-digital-age/ http://www.theguardian.com/media-network/2015/oct/09/brands-relevant-digital-age http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2016/ranking/ https://uk.burberry.com/our-history/ http://www.burberryplc.com/about_burberry/company-history http://it.louisvuitton.com/ita-it/la-maison/una-storia-leggendaria#how-it-all-began http://www.worldofcoca-cola.com/about-us/coca-cola-history/ https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ http://www.coca-cola.co.uk/stories/from-1886-to-the-present-daythis-is-the-story-of-coca-cola http://www.stern.nyu.edu/experience-stern/faculty-research/georgesmith-history-leadership

SWM Searching for Perfect Woman :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

SWM Searching for Perfect Woman Ninety-percent. Now that's a large percentage. I don't care what you're doing. If you are taking a test, that's an "A". If you are playing basketball, that's an unheard of free throw percentage. It's just a large percentage of anything. From what I hear, it's also the amount of time guys spend thinking about women. Up until now, however, I wasn't quite sure I agreed with that number. I mean, I have church, ministry, school, and sports on my mind. I was what you would call a "content single man." I was free to go wherever I wanted, be with whomever I chose, and do whatever I wanted. There were no boundaries to my craziness, and no woman could take up more of my thinking time that the three aforementioned activities. Man, how quickly things change. Now, don't go jumping to conclusions. By no means has some woman snatched me up and forced me to occupy myself with thoughts of what to buy her and where to take her to dinner. On the contrary, I am still technically as single man; but, there's one huge difference. I'm now what you would call, to put it delicately -- a desperate single man. Now it's no easy talk to get a man to say that and still keep his pride intact. I mean, ti puts us men at the risk of sounding, well ... desperate, when in fact, we want the general population to believe that we can have any girl we want. The macho image, the right clothes, working out; all this to get a girl so we won't be "alone". Therein lies my problem. My desperation is not a normal case of loneliness. No, it's not even sex hunger (even though most cases fall under this category). Ninety-percent of my time isn't spent thinking about random sex acts with that girl I sit next to in class, or the one I saw at the bar. My problem is, I don't want just "any girl". I'm desperate for "THE girl". Ninety-percent. I think I have reached that point. When that much time is devoted to thinking about one woman (especially when I have no idea who she is), then it's safe to say that I've reached one of the worst times of a man's life. The point at which every female they meet is a possible spouse.

Leadership Essay -- Trait Theory, Maslow

Leaders impact people's daily lives and futures. In good times and bad, there is always a need for strong leadership. According to Fesler (1960) leadership is a social process, it cannot exist without leader and followers. Leadership is results in followers’ behavior that is goal-directed in some sort of organized setting. In brief, leadership is a process by a person influences others toward the attainment of group or organizational goals. Like the words said by Keith (2003):† Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen†. The development of leadership studies has three phases: trait theory, behavior theory and contingency theory. According to Robbins& Judge (2011), the studies at late of 1960s are applied to the â€Å"great man† theory which state that the leads are born to lead, they are not like other people and they have some special trait. The researchers examined the physical, mental, and social characteristics of individuals, they are expected to find out what kinds of trait will means the people is the leader. However, Fry& Kriger (2009) indicated that leader trait research ignored followers’ needs and not gives explanations for the proposed relationship between individual characteristics and leadership; it is not consider the impact of situational factors that might moderate the relationship between leader traits and measures of leader effectiveness. As a result of these drawbacks, trait theory is not successful and generally abandoned. While aware of the limitations of trait theory, the focus of leadership research shifted away to leader behaviors. The researchers begin to observe the relationship between behavior and leader effectiveness. The behavior ... ... the leader behavior that will accomplish these tasks depends upon the subordinate and environmental contingency factors. In conclude, there is no best way or universal style to manage an organization. A good must think over the situation around and find out an appropriate leadership style. Although Anna Bligh’s behavior is not totally same with effectiveness style which is indicated by behavior leadership studies, but her style is appropriate to the situation she met, and consistent with the definition of effectiveness leadership under contingency theory. Her case is also proof that behavior leadership has offered many kinds of leader style but a good leader generally should not use the same style with a group in different situation. Like contingency theory indicated: most efficacious leadership is the style that accordance with current circumstance.

The Wife of Bath by Geoffery Chaucer :: essays research papers

The Wife of Bath, Dame Alice is quite a spiteful woman even though she desires only a few simple things in life; power and control. Through her prologue and tale, she makes mirror images of herself , which reflects the person who she really is. Dame Alice desires the obvious in life, but what she most desires above all is being more powerful than her man, her spouse, and her lover. In a relationship, she wishes to be dominant, the one who has the last to say, the one who has control over all things in the relationship. This can be first seen in her prologue, "I'll have a husband yet who shall be both my debtor and my slave and bear his tribulation to the grave upon his flesh, as long as I'm his wife. For mine shall be the power all his life over his proper body, and not he†¦"(55-59). It is then shown again in her tale when knight returns the castle and fulfills the task assigned by the queen, "a woman wants the self-same sovereignty over her husband as over her lover, and master him; he must not be above her" (174-176). Yet another example of Dame Alice's wish to be dominant is presented later in the tale told by her. The old hag, after marrying the knight, gives him a choice. It was either to have her old and ugly but faithful or young and pretty but wonder off. "You have two choices; which one will you try? To have me old and ugly till I die, but still loyal, true, and humble wife that will never displease you all her life, or would you rather I were young and pretty and chance your arm what happens in the city where friends will visit you because of me, yes, and on other places too, maybe."(309-316) By comparing the Wife of Bath's prologue to her tale, it is quite obvious that Dame Alice wants to be the old hag. In some aspects, Dame Alice can be said to be jealous of the old hag. After all, the hag was given power and dominance over her husband. In Dame Alice's true life it was not completely true. The husbands that Dame Alice had, "three of them were good and two were bad." (92) The three that she had were called 'good' because they "were rich and old†¦"(93) Dame Alice had complete control over them.

Types of Equipment Essay

1.1 Identify different types of equipment and their uses There are many different types of office equipment. The main ones found in most offices are: Chair – To sit on Desk – To sit at and rest Computer Monitor – pens – work etc. Also for storage. Telephone – To contact p Desk – It can be different size or shape depending of office needs. High Tec Telephone – It could be hand free set or just have different features such as: answering machine, calls on hold, address book and match more. High Tec Printer – It could include all in one functions, such as: scanner – scan from both sides printer – print color, print both sides, staple, print different sizes and different formats. photocopier – copy color, both sides, staple, can be zoomed in/out produce high volumes of printouts/copies very quickly File Cabinets – Different size for different office needs, can also be draws and be protected with lock. File trays – Can be the size for filing cabinets or good size for the use on my desc, also could be attached to walls for different paperwork. Computer – Can be with different size of screen, can be adjusted for ergonomic needs. Also could be portable. 1.3 Explain why different types of equipment are chosen for tasks Any equipment I choose will make the task take up as little as your time as possible so I could meet targets and deadlines, and also the equipment that can help me to complete the task to the best standard. Also not one piece of equipment can do everything, so it means I would need various types of office equipment to complete the task. An example of making a poster, I probably would use my computer, printer and laminator. 2: Understand the purpose of following instructions and health and safety procedures 2.1 Explain the purpose of following manufacturer’s instructions when using equipment The purpose to follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the following reasons: Failureto do so can invalidate the warranty of the piece of equipment – this could be very expensive for your company. The manufacturer knows the likely problemsand sets out the instructions to help you findthe solution in the quickest way possible. Following the instructions means that everyone will follow aset procedure. The engineer will thenbe able to work out what you have done andin whatorder. 2.2 Explain the purpose of following organisational instructions when using equipment Failure to follow organisational instructions can result damage or injury, or even failure to get the proper outcome from using the equipment. It is important that I produce my work to best possible way to meet requirements  of the person who set the task. This shows I’m responsible and I can be relied upon to get things done. I will also needto be aware oforganisationalprocedures relating tosolvingequipment problems.This isbecause they may: set out who I must inform of the problem  give instructions as to who is and is not allowed to take action limit what staff may do 2.3 Identify health and safety procedures for using different types of equipment I must make myself aware of the potential hazards of any operation I may carry out, or any equipment I may use. In addition I must be aware of self operating rules, working procedures, instructions etc. I must not interfere with any item of equipment I’m not duly authorised to use it or maintain. I must use the right equipment for the job and keep the equipment tidy and in good working condition. I must use suitable safety equipment if needed. I must report any faults or damage to relevant staff or my Line Manager immediately. 2.4 Explain the purpose of following health and safety procedures when using equipment To stay healthy and safe. To avoid injury. To prevent or at least limit harm to people around me. To protect equipment and facilities. To get the most accurate results from the equipment 2.5 Explain the purpose of keeping equipment clean and hygienic The purpose is for equipment to run faster and more efficiently. The standards are no dust on the machinery and also to keep it at a reasonable temperature. Also it is important to keep it clean and hygienic which means it is free from dirt, germ and bacteria. for example, food and drink should be kept well away from any equipment in case anything get knocked over and causes damage. if you spill something over or near a piece of equipment you should clean it up straight away. 3: Understand how to use equipment in a way that minimises waste 3.1 Give examples of waste when using equipment An example of waste when using office equipment is when most of employees leave their computers on standby all night. Even when though it is on standby, they are still using electricity. Also printing out multiple copies of documents to find that there are spelling mistakes so they will need to be discarded as waste. 3.2 Give examples of ways to reduce waste There are many ways that a company can cut down on waste, they can do things like double sided printing, double checking work before printing and doing a test print before printing out multiple documents will cut down waste of paper and ink. 3.3 Explain the purpose of minimising waste Keeping waste to a minimum in the business environment serves the same purposes it does everywhere else: it decreases the amount of waste a business contributes to the environment Reducing waste is key to minimizing an individual’s or business’s environmental impact by reducing air and water pollution and limiting the amount of material that ends up in landfills. Reducing waste can also serve to save a business money. By enacting plans that conserve materials, they will inevitably cut down on the amount of materials they need to purchase. Likewise, any attempt to reduce carbon emissions inevitably relies on a reduction of energy use, which means less money spent on electricity and fuel. The advantage of applying waste minimization principles in a business environment is that it impacts a larger number of people than would applying them in one’s home. Such  actions can also serve to improve a business’s image. 4: Know about the different types of problems that may occur when using equipment and how to deal with them 4.1 Give examples of equipment problems There are many things that can go wrong when using office equipment such as: paper jams, most of the time it can be easily solved, but there might be times when have to be reported and have to call out engineer, as paper could be in one of the operating units where I wouldn’t be able to access it, or it could also be a damage of the unit. network connection problems, if it goes on for some time, I would have to report it to our IT team to take a look at it. running out of toner/ink when using the printer/scanner/photocopier, this can be easily solved by replacing toner/ink units. 4.2 Explain the purpose of following manufacturer’s instructions and organisational procedures when dealing with problems It is important follow manufacturer’s instructions and organisational procedures as servicing faulty equipment can be very expensive, and not following instructions often results in a problem. The more problems are caused, the more money company have to spend and it also affects work quality, as equipment fault or even breakdown can delay my work deadlines. The company I work for have to follow established procedures to operate efficiently. 4.3 Give examples of how to deal with problems Example of my computer being crashed – Make sure my documents are set to auto-save every 10 minutes to prevent loss of work I’ve done. Example of a printer, my printed document is smudged – The ink cartridge is running low and it needs to be replaced. The paper jam – Manually remove the jammed paper from the printer. Always follow the instructions given on the printer screen, open printer in correct order. 5: Understand the purpose of meeting work standards and deadlines 5.1 Explain the purpose of meeting work standards and deadlines when using equipment A goodexample of the importance ofmeeting work standards when usingoffice equipment concerns the use of company email.Most office staff use email regularlythroughout the dayto contact other members of staff, as well as external customers and suppliers and dealers. There are company standards on the use of email which will indicate the correct language to be used – slang, text speak and bad language are never acceptable when emailing at work. The use of personal email during work times will also be subject to limits and will almost certainly bemonitored. Companies can and do monitor staff use of email usingspecial softwareprograms which will flag up certain words orphrases – so, be aware, and never assumeanything I put in an email is private. The company I work for always have deadlines by which certain tasks must be completed. Deadlines areimportant for staff as they tell them when things need to becompleted in order that the business can meet its KPI’s ( targets ). 6: Understand the purpose of leaving equipment and the work area ready for the next user 6.1 Explain the purpose of leaving equipment and the work area ready for the next user Whenever I finish using officeequipment it is important that you leave the work area exactly asyou found it. This means: I can’t leave any mess lying around I can’t leave the workarea insuch away that someone else has to clear up after you before they can begin usingthe equipment. Imagine that I had to print 100 copies of a attachments for payslips. When you arrive at the printer ready to collect your printouts, I find that my  work is all mixed up with someone else’s, which has simply been left on the printer. This examplehighlights the point that takingcare totidy away aftermyself is a necessary partof working with othersand sharing equipment. If everyone simply left their work lying around, it would not be long before the whole office was totallyunusable.

Merits and Demerits of the Internet Essay

What are the Merits and Demerits of internet Merits †¢ Shopping: Along with getting information on the Internet, you can also shop online. There are many online stores and sites that can be used to look for products as well as buy them using your credit card. You do not need to leave your house and can do all your shopping from the convenience of your home. †¢ Online Chat: There are many ‘chat rooms’ on the web that can be accessed to meet new people, make new friends, as well as to stay in touch with old friends. more marites of internet are that we can search any thing easily . e get a lot of knowledge from internet. Demerits †¢ Pornography: This is a very serious issue concerning the Internet, especially when it comes to young children. There are thousands of pornographic sites on the Internet that can be easily found and can be a detriment to letting children use the Internet. Spamming: This refers to sending unsolicited e-mails in bulk, which serve no purpose and unnecessarily clog up the entire system. there are many more demerites of net What are the merits and demerits of electronic media? Television spreads information in an accessible format to viewers quite quickly. When an important event occurs, the audio and visual proceedings of that event can be broadcast in order to inform viewers of the event. This of course requires the proper technicians, reporters/journalists/broadcasters/etc. , equipment, timing, and infrastructure that work behind (and in front of) the scenes to bring a programme to the viewers. When information is presented, such as a political party’s platform, television can be quite useful to a viewer. Of course, a fundamental problem arises when a company needs to hire and maintain the infrastructure needed to perform the television service: they need money! Unfortunately for television, there are numerous other sources where one may obtain information (the internet, newspapers, radio, word-of-mouth) and therefore television must find methods of attaining and maintaining viewership. [Of course, viewership allows the company to provide an advertisement space that is very lucrative for other companies. ] These methods may include: †¢ Quick reporting – the fastest person wins, sort of thing. This tends to be inaccurate and speculative in nature, but does provide instant viewership. †¢ Sensationalism – attention-grabbing, controversial programming. Tends to focus on wild or shocking stories rather than â€Å"boring† (although possibly more important) issues. I could go on, but that’s a good place to start. When I say TV, I immediately think entertainment. Therefore it may have started purely as an entertainment method. We will never know 🙂 However, with the current events these days, network/TV bias is playing a large role in politics among other things. Something else you could look into.

Zebra Paradise

Zebra Paradise Think of your favorite place to be in your house. Where and why is it your favorite? The place I like to spend the most time in is my bedroom. It is where I go to study, watch television, and sleep. It is my favorite room because of the cozy atmosphere that I feel every time I step foot through the door. Not only is it a place to relax, but it is so much more. My room is a part of my personality, but most importantly, the place I grew up. In this descriptive essay, I will describe the basic things in my room, such as the color of my walls, bed, nightstand, dresser, and fan.I will depict the details of my closet and a few items that occupy the inside of it and tell about my television, my window, and everything surrounding them. When someone first steps foot into my room, he/she is usually captured by my bright colored walls. They are as pink as cotton candy, while only one wall is a shade darker than the other three. The door of my room is super white with a grey doork nob, which my sister claims to have â€Å"accidentally† broken the lock to. My queen size bed is located about four feet from my door, and it takes up most of the area.The frame is made out of black metal. My comforter accents my bed with black, white, and hot pink stripes. Two of my favorite animal prints are patterns that resemble a zebra and a leopard, which happens to be the design of my bedspread. I have silky, black sheets and a total of six pillows. They are soft and fluffy and never fail to provide me with a good night’s sleep. Right beside my bed, there is a black nightstand with a few of my belongings sitting on top of it, such as my pink alarm clock, a clear lamp, and my black remote.A white fan hangs from my ceiling that adds a very clean and sophisticated look to my room. My garbage can sits beside the door to the left, patiently waiting to collect trash. It is small, black, and filled with countless water bottles. Near my garbage can is my silver dresser where I keep my never-ending collection of shorts and T-shirts. The top of my dresser is cluttered with certain nicknacks that I use throughout the day, such as my wallet, perfume, fingernail polish, a jewelry box, picture frames, and sunglasses.I have three separate outlets scattered throughout my room. There is one beside my dresser, under my window, and behind my bed, which are all cream colored. The wooden floor right beneath my dresser is where I keep my preferred shoes. Paired side by side are my Sperries, neon yellow Nike’s, pink Shox, and my white cheerleading shoes. The focal point on the next wall is a double white closet. My Vera Bradley lanyard hangs from one knob, and on the other knob is a rosary. A red medal that I recently won for placing second at a powerlifting meet hangs next to it.Directly in front of my closet lies a stylish zebra rug which compliments my bedspread. My closet is not walk-in, so if someone were to open it, he/she would notice my winter clo thes and school uniforms organized at the top. My casual and dressy clothing hang on the bottom rack. On the floor beneath my clothes is where my shoes are kept. I attempt to stand them upward on a shoe rack, but most of them do not fit. I own boots, heels, wedges, sandals, tennis shoes, slippers, and flip-flops.The other half of my closet is crowded with jackets, swimwear, photo albums, blankets, and other useless junk that I continue to hoard for no reason. In the corner of another wall sits a black 32† Samsung television, housed on top of a wooden rolling cart that belonged to my grandfather. In the inside compartment of the rolling cart is a pack of index cards, an extra iPhone charger, and an iHome speaker. Behind my television is an enormous sketch pad and a poster that I drew for cheerleading camp during the summer of 2012.It reads, â€Å"Geaux Mustangs† with a red and black megaphone. My window is located on the same wall as my television. It is a single window with white blinds and a valence that identically matches my bedspread. If someone were to peer out of my window, he/she would immediately notice my dad’s gigantic offshore fishing boat. It is easy to hear rain falling at night or birds chirping in the morning because of the window. One would also view two conjoined cages outside where my sister and I keep our pet rabbits.I hope it is now possible to vividly visualize every inch of my room. The nickname of it is â€Å"zebra paradise† because I am obsessed with that type of animal print. Nearly all of my belongings are black and pink with zebra print. It does not matter what my room looks like because the memories that were captured inside of it will last a lifetime. My room is special to me because it is my own personal escape, or paradise. It is very important for everyone to have a place they feel comfortable and safe in. I would not trade in my room for the world. Zebra Paradise Zebra Paradise Think of your favorite place to be in your house. Where and why is it your favorite? The place I like to spend the most time in is my bedroom. It is where I go to study, watch television, and sleep. It is my favorite room because of the cozy atmosphere that I feel every time I step foot through the door. Not only is it a place to relax, but it is so much more. My room is a part of my personality, but most importantly, the place I grew up. In this descriptive essay, I will describe the basic things in my room, such as the color of my walls, bed, nightstand, dresser, and fan.I will depict the details of my closet and a few items that occupy the inside of it and tell about my television, my window, and everything surrounding them. When someone first steps foot into my room, he/she is usually captured by my bright colored walls. They are as pink as cotton candy, while only one wall is a shade darker than the other three. The door of my room is super white with a grey doork nob, which my sister claims to have â€Å"accidentally† broken the lock to. My queen size bed is located about four feet from my door, and it takes up most of the area.The frame is made out of black metal. My comforter accents my bed with black, white, and hot pink stripes. Two of my favorite animal prints are patterns that resemble a zebra and a leopard, which happens to be the design of my bedspread. I have silky, black sheets and a total of six pillows. They are soft and fluffy and never fail to provide me with a good night’s sleep. Right beside my bed, there is a black nightstand with a few of my belongings sitting on top of it, such as my pink alarm clock, a clear lamp, and my black remote.A white fan hangs from my ceiling that adds a very clean and sophisticated look to my room. My garbage can sits beside the door to the left, patiently waiting to collect trash. It is small, black, and filled with countless water bottles. Near my garbage can is my silver dresser where I keep my never-ending collection of shorts and T-shirts. The top of my dresser is cluttered with certain nicknacks that I use throughout the day, such as my wallet, perfume, fingernail polish, a jewelry box, picture frames, and sunglasses.I have three separate outlets scattered throughout my room. There is one beside my dresser, under my window, and behind my bed, which are all cream colored. The wooden floor right beneath my dresser is where I keep my preferred shoes. Paired side by side are my Sperries, neon yellow Nike’s, pink Shox, and my white cheerleading shoes. The focal point on the next wall is a double white closet. My Vera Bradley lanyard hangs from one knob, and on the other knob is a rosary. A red medal that I recently won for placing second at a powerlifting meet hangs next to it.Directly in front of my closet lies a stylish zebra rug which compliments my bedspread. My closet is not walk-in, so if someone were to open it, he/she would notice my winter clo thes and school uniforms organized at the top. My casual and dressy clothing hang on the bottom rack. On the floor beneath my clothes is where my shoes are kept. I attempt to stand them upward on a shoe rack, but most of them do not fit. I own boots, heels, wedges, sandals, tennis shoes, slippers, and flip-flops.The other half of my closet is crowded with jackets, swimwear, photo albums, blankets, and other useless junk that I continue to hoard for no reason. In the corner of another wall sits a black 32† Samsung television, housed on top of a wooden rolling cart that belonged to my grandfather. In the inside compartment of the rolling cart is a pack of index cards, an extra iPhone charger, and an iHome speaker. Behind my television is an enormous sketch pad and a poster that I drew for cheerleading camp during the summer of 2012.It reads, â€Å"Geaux Mustangs† with a red and black megaphone. My window is located on the same wall as my television. It is a single window with white blinds and a valence that identically matches my bedspread. If someone were to peer out of my window, he/she would immediately notice my dad’s gigantic offshore fishing boat. It is easy to hear rain falling at night or birds chirping in the morning because of the window. One would also view two conjoined cages outside where my sister and I keep our pet rabbits.I hope it is now possible to vividly visualize every inch of my room. The nickname of it is â€Å"zebra paradise† because I am obsessed with that type of animal print. Nearly all of my belongings are black and pink with zebra print. It does not matter what my room looks like because the memories that were captured inside of it will last a lifetime. My room is special to me because it is my own personal escape, or paradise. It is very important for everyone to have a place they feel comfortable and safe in. I would not trade in my room for the world.

Cheering and People

If people would ask a cheerleader if they think cheer is a spot, they will say yes. If they would ask anyone else, they would say it is not a sport. Cheerleading is a sport because they work Just as hard as anyone else who is in a sport. A cheerleader conditions, they have to be strong, and are competitive. In cheer, they do conditioning to get in shape, Just like every other sport. The coach will make them do all kinds of things, like run a certain amount of laps, and then do Jumping Jacks, lunges, or other things. Cheerleaders condition at every practice.They have to condition so they can do their routine over and over again during their practice. They also have to condition so they can lift people in the air and keep them there for a while. Another reason why they have to condition is so they can stay tight while doing all there cheers and dances. If they are loose at a competition they will get points taken off. Conditioning is a big part in cheer. Cheerleaders, especially guys, have to be strong. Guys have to be strong enough to hrow a girl up to about their shoulders and the hold them in their hands for a few minutes.Then they have to be able to extend them, so they are in their hands and over their heads. Football players may have to be strong, but they do not have to lift girls up everyday. Everyone from the people being lifted up to the people lifting them up have to be strong. The people in the air must be strong, so they can stay tight and not move to much while they are in the air. If they are doing a one legged stunt, and they are not tight, they will fall and may get hurt. The people lifting the them up must also be strong, so they can lift them up.They also cannot move because the person in the air might lose their balance and could fall. All cheerleaders must also be strong and fit enough to do their routine two hours or more a day, five days a week. Cheerleaders must be about as strong as a football player. Competitions are not Just for footbal l, basketball, baseball, and soccer, they are also for cheerleaders. They work on a their routine for months before they have to go to a competition. They have to make sure that it is perfect before they go to competition.They have to make sure their dances are tight and everyone is on time for everything. They also have to make sure they have their cheers memorized and their stunts go up. If they cant do something then they have to chance their routine to make sure everything will work. At the competition they must do their routine in front of a crowd and Judges. Then they are Judged on how well they did their routine. The Judges look at how well there stunts went, there dances, cheers, Jumps and umbling, but they mostly watch if there timing is right on everything.The team with the most points then wins the competition. Cheerleaders will usually do many competitions a year. Some will do four or five, but some may only do one. Cheerleading is not Just about cheering on your schools teams, like most people think it is. It is mostly about the competitions. Cheerleaders work Just as hard as every other sport, if not harder. Cheerleading should be considered a sport and not just an extra activity like everyone thinks it is. Cheering and People By qwsxecdvfgb